Juniperus oxycedrus
| Juniperus oxycedrus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cade in southern France | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Cupressales |
| Family: | Cupressaceae |
| Genus: | Juniperus |
| Section: | Juniperus sect. Juniperus |
| Species: | J. oxycedrus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Juniperus oxycedrus | |
| |
| Natural range | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Juniperus oxycedrus, vernacularly called Cade, cade juniper, prickly juniper, prickly cedar, or sharp cedar, is a species of juniper, native across the Mediterranean region, growing on a variety of rocky sites from sea level.[3][1] The specific epithet oxycedrus means "sharp cedar" and this species may have been the original cedar or cedrus of the ancient Greeks.[4][5]
Description
[edit]Juniperus oxycedrus is very variable in shape, forming a spreading shrub 2–3 metres (6+1⁄2–10 feet) tall to a small erect tree 10–15 m (33–49 ft) tall. It has needle-like leaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, 5–20 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄4 inch) long and 1–2 mm (1⁄32–3⁄32 in) broad, with a double white stomatal band (split by a green midrib) on the inner surface. It is usually dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The seed cones are berry-like, green ripening in 18 months to orange-red with a variable pink waxy coating; they are spherical, 7–12 mm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) diameter, and have three or six fused scales in 1–2 whorls, three of the scales with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard seeds in their droppings. The pollen cones are yellow, 2–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long, and fall soon after shedding their pollen in late winter or early spring.[3][6][7]
Subspecies
[edit]As to be expected from the wide range, J. oxycedrus is very variable, and multiple subspecies have been recognised.[3] However, multiple studies have found the subspecies not to be closely related to one another,[6][8][9][10][11][12] resulting in the recognition of multiple species:[6][10][11][12]
- Juniperus oxycedrus L. – Western prickly juniper. Southwest Europe, in eastern Portugal and Spain east to southern France, northwest Italy, Corsica, and Sardinia, and northwest Africa from Morocco east to Tunisia. Leaves long (10–20 mm or 3⁄8–13⁄16 in), narrow-based; cones smooth.
- Juniperus navicularis Gand. (syn. J. oxycedrus subsp. transtagana) – Portuguese prickly juniper. Coastal southwest Portugal. Leaves short (5–12 mm or 3⁄16–1⁄2 in); cones smooth.
- Juniperus deltoides R.P.Adams – Eastern prickly juniper. Central Italy east to Iran and Israel. Leaves long (10–20 mm or 3⁄8–13⁄16 in), broad-based; cones with raised scale edges.
- Juniperus macrocarpa (syn. J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa) – large-fruited juniper. Mediterranean coastal sands. Broader leaves (2–3 mm or 1⁄16–1⁄8 in wide), and larger cones (12–18 mm or 1⁄2–11⁄16 in wide).
An additional variety or subspecies J. oxycedrus var. badia H.Gay (syn. J. oxycedrus subsp. badia (H.Gay) Debeaux) is distinguished on the basis of larger cones (10–13 mm or 3⁄8–1⁄2 in diameter), tinged purple when mature; it is described from northern Algeria, and also reported from Portugal and Spain.[3][6]
Other close relatives of J. oxycedrus include Juniperus brevifolia on the Azores, Juniperus cedrus on the Canary Islands and Juniperus formosana in eastern Asia.[3][6]
Uses
[edit]Cade oil is the essential oil obtained through destructive distillation of the wood of this shrub. It is a dark, aromatic oil with a strong smoky smell which is used in some cosmetics and (traditional) skin treatment drugs, as well as incense.[13][14] Cade oil has, on rare occasions, caused severe allergic reactions in infants.[15]
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Leaves and mature cones, Spain -
Leaves and immature cones, southern France -
Central Spain -
Bark, Central Spain
References
[edit]- ^ a b Farjon, A. (2013). "Juniperus oxycedrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42243A2965838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42243A2965838.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 11 February 2017
- ^ a b c d e Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
- ^ Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World.
- ^ MARIA PEPLER-HARCOMBE, ALETTA (2011). Ancient Furniture in Context: From Ancient Production, Preservation To Modern-Day Reconstruction And Conservation. South Africa: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA.
- ^ a b c d e Adams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World. Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-4250-X
- ^ Arboretum de Villardebelle: photos of cones and shoots
- ^ Adams, R. P. (2000). Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and RAPD DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28: 515-528 available online (pdf file) Archived 2006-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Adams, R. P. (2004). Juniperus deltoides, a new species and nomenclatural notes on Juniperus polycarpos and J. turcomanica (Cupressaceae). Phytologia 86: 49 - 53 available online (pdf file) Archived 2006-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Boratyński, A.; Wachowiak, W.; Dering, M.; Boratyńska, K; Sękiewicz, K.; Sobierajska, K.; Jasińska, A.K.; Klimko, M.; Montserrat, J.M.; Romo, A.; Ok, T.; Didukh, Y. (2014). "The biogeography and genetic relationships of Juniperus oxycedrus and related taxa from the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 174 (4): 637–653. doi:10.1111/boj.12147.
- ^ a b Rumeu, B.; Caujapé-Castells, J.; Blanco-Pastor, J.L.; Jaén-Molina, R.; Nogales, M.; Elias, R.B.; Vargas, P. (2011). "The Colonization History of Juniperus brevifolia (Cupressaceae) in the Azores Islands". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27697. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627697R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027697. PMC 3218011. PMID 22110727.
- ^ a b Rumeu, B.; Vargas, P.; Jaén-Molina, R.; Nogales, M.; Caujapé-Castells, J. (2014). "Phylogeography and genetic structure of the threatened Canarian Juniperus cedrus (Cupressaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (3): 376–394. doi:10.1111/boj.12172. S2CID 82778706.
- ^ 1911 British Pharmacopaea: Cade Oil
- ^ 1918 US Dispensatory: Cade Oil
- ^ Achour S, Abourazzak S, Mokhtari A, Soulaymani A, Soulaymani R, Hida M (2011). "Juniper tar (cade oil) poisoning in new born after a cutaneous application". BMJ Case Rep. 2011: bcr0720114427. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4427. PMC 3207742. PMID 22675090.
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External links
[edit]- Juniperus oxycedrus - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
