Bulgarian St. Stephen Church

St. Stephen Church
Religion
Affiliation	Eastern Orthodox
Status	Church
Location
Location	Istanbul, Turkey
Shown within Istanbul Fatih
Geographic coordinates	41°01′54″N 28°56′59″E
Architecture
Type	Church
Style	Neo-Byzantine
Materials	Iron, Stone
Website
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of	Historic Areas of Istanbul
Criteria	Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
Reference	356
Inscription	1985 (9th Session)

The Bulgarian St. Stephen Church (Bulgarian: Църква "Свети Стефан"; Turkish: Sveti Stefan Kilisesi), also known as the Bulgarian Iron Church, is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Balat, Istanbul, Turkey. It is famous for being made of prefabricated cast iron elements in the Neo-Byzantine style. The church belongs to the Bulgarian Christian minority in the city.

History

Main articles: Bulgarian Millet, Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and Christianity in Turkey

The Bulgarian Orthodox Christians of the Ottoman Empire used to pray at the churches of the Phanar Orthodox Patriarchate, as they were part of the Rum Millet—that is, the Orthodox Christian community of the Ottoman Empire—but the Bulgarian nationalist movement of the 19th century advocated the creation of a separate Bulgarian ecclesiastical organization for Bulgarian Orthodox Christians, as they considered the Phanar Patriarchate a predominantly Greek Orthodox institution. These efforts culminated in the recognition of the Bulgarian Exarchate through a firman issued by the Ottoman sultan Abdülaziz in 1870.

The richly ornamented church is a three-domed cross-shaped basilica. The altar faces the Golden Horn and a 40 m-high belfry, the six bells of which were cast in Yaroslavl, rises above the narthex. Initially, a small wooden church was erected on the shore of the Golden Horn between Balat and Fener squares (near Eyüp District), where the current church is located. A house was donated by the statesman Stefan Bogoridi, and it was reorganized as a wooden church. It was inaugurated on 9 October 1849 and became an important site of the Bulgarian National Revival. The Ottoman royal decree of 28 February 1870 establishing the Bulgarian Exarchate was first read in the church.

The original wooden church of St. Stephen, built in memory of Stefan Bogoridi

After the original wooden structure suffered from a fire, the larger current building was constructed at its place. An iron frame was preferred to concrete reinforcement because of the weak ground conditions. The construction plans were prepared by the Istanbul-based Ottoman Armenian architect Hovsep Aznavur.

An international competition was conducted to produce the prefabricated cast iron parts of the church, won by an Austrian company, R. Ph. Waagner. The prefabricated elements, weighing 500 tons, were produced in Vienna in 1893 to 1896 and transported to Istanbul by ship through the Danube and the Black Sea.

An early 20th-century postcard depicting the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church

After one-and-a-half years, the church was completed in 1898 and inaugurated by Exarch Joseph on 8 September that year. The main skeleton of the church was made of steel and covered by metal boards. All the pieces were attached together with nuts, bolts, rivets or welding. In terms of architectural style, the church combines Neo-Byzantine and Neo-Baroque influences.

St. Stephen was the product of 19th-century experimentation with prefabricated iron churches. The British, who invented the corrugated iron in 1829, manufactured portable iron churches to send to far-flung colonies like Australia. The Eiffel Tower's creator, French engineer Gustave Eiffel, designed iron churches that were sent as far as the Philippines and Peru. Now, St. Stephen is one of the world's few surviving prefabricated cast iron churches.

The Bulgarian St. Stephen Church after renovation in 2018

On December 27, 2010, St. Stephen's feast day, a celebratory Mass was held at the church in honor of its patron saint. Attending were the Vratsa Metropolitan Kalinik, bishop Naum, Chief Secretary of the Bulgarian Holy Synod, and representatives of the "St. Stephen Church" Foundation. Honoring the celebration the dome of the church was gold-plated using funds donated by the Bulgarians of Plovdiv.

The church building underwent a renovation, which started under the Bulgarian-Turkish cooperation in 2011 and cost more than ₺ 15 million. On January 8, 2018, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov were present at the inauguration of the renovated St. Stephen's Orthodox Church in Istanbul, on the occasion of its 120th anniversary.

In addition to the St. Stephen Church, there is another Bulgarian Orthodox church in Istanbul, St. Demetrius Church, in Feriköy.

Burials

• Ilarion Makariopolski

Gallery

• 
  Iron church of St. Stephen in 1898
• 
  View from the Golden Horn
• 
  Exterior view of the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
• 
  Rudolph Philipp Waagner, Vienna, producer of the steel elements
• 
  Front view of the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church top iconostasis seen through doors
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church top iconostasis seen through doors
• 
  The iconostasis inside the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
• 
  The iconostasis inside the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
• 
  Interior view of the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
• 
  Interior view of the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church, view from first floor
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church Iconostasis, detail
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church Iconostasis, detail
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church Iconostasis, detail
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church, possibly the bishop's seat
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church; statue of a winged ox representing Luke the Evangelist.
• 
  Bulgarian St. Stephen Church, emblem

External links

• Information about the church on a site about the Bulgarians in Istanbul (in Bulgarian)
• The St Stephen Foundation Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in English, Bulgarian, and Turkish)
• A Bulgarian National Radio report also telling the history of the church (in Bulgarian)
• Monkeytravel info and photos (incl. detail photo) (in English)
• Over 100 pictures inside and outside in detail
• Благовеста Иванова. Църквата "Св. Стефан" край Златния рог и нейните събратя (in Bulgarian)
• Благовеста Иванова, Ради Ганев. "Желязото" и стоманата в храма "Св. Стефан" в Истанбул (in Bulgarian)
• Благовеста Иванова. Неосъщественият каменен храм "Св. Троица" на брега на Златния рог и архитектите Фосати (in Bulgarian)
• Благовеста Иванова. Българските старини в Цариград (in Bulgarian)
• Blagovesta Ivanova, Radi Ganev, Milosh Drdacky. Architectural, Material and Damage Survey of the Bulgarian Metal Church of St. Stefan in Istanbul
• Blagovesta Ivanova, Radi Ganev & Miloš Drdácký. Historical and Condition Survey of the St. Stefan Bulgarian Metal Church in Istanbul
• Tigran Khzmalyan. Armenian Architects of Istanbul: Online Exhibition, March 27, 2015
• Stefan Bulgar Kilisesi (in Turkish)
• Иванова, Бл. Невидимата страна на «желязната» църква в Истанбул. Инженерни науки, 1/2018, с. 45–60./Ivanova, Bl. NONSEEN SIDE OF THE "IRON" CHURCH IN ISTANBUL. - Engineering Sciences, LV, 2018, No. 1,p. 45-60 [1] DOI:10.7546/EngSci.LV.18.01.04
• Ivanova-Tsotsova, Bl. The Architectural Complex at the Golden Horn a Monument of Cultural Heritage of Bulgaria and Turkey. - International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-8, Issue-3, March 2018, p. 27-35. [2]