Rómulo Gallegos

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gallegos and the second or maternal family name is Freire.

Rómulo Gallegos
Gallegos c. 1947-48
President of Venezuela
In office 17 February 1948 – 24 November 1948
Preceded by	Rómulo Betancourt
Succeeded by	Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
Senator for life
In office 23 January 1961 – 5 April 1969
Personal details
Born	Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (1884-08-02)2 August 1884 Caracas, Venezuela
Died	5 April 1969(1969-04-05) (aged 84) Caracas, Venezuela
Political party	Acción Democrática
Spouse	Teotiste Arocha Egui (1888–1950)
Signature

Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire (2 August 1884 – 5 April 1969) was a Venezuelan novelist and politician. For a period of nine months during 1948, he governed as the first freely elected president in Venezuela's history. He was removed from power by military officers in the 1948 Venezuelan coup.

Rómulo Gallegos is considered the most relevant Venezuelan novelist of the 20th century and a prominent figure in Latin American literature.

Early life and writings

Rómulo Gallegos was born in Caracas to Rómulo Gallegos Osío and Rita Freire Guruceaga, into a family of humble origin. He began his work as a schoolteacher, writer, classical music enthusiast and journalist in 1903. His novel Doña Bárbara was first published in 1929 and it was because of the book's criticisms of the regime of longtime dictator Juan Vicente Gómez that he was forced to flee the country. He took refuge in Spain, where he continued to write: his acclaimed novels Cantaclaro (1934) and Canaima (1935) date from this period. He returned to Venezuela in 1936 and was appointed Minister of Public Education.

Political career

In 1937 he was elected to Congress and, in 1940–41, served as Mayor of Caracas. In 1945, Rómulo Gallegos was involved in the coup d'état that brought Rómulo Betancourt and the "Revolutionary Government Junta" to power, in the period known as El Trienio Adeco. In the 1947 general election he ran for the presidency of the republic as the Acción Democrática candidate and won in what is generally believed to be the country's first honest election. He took over 74 percent of the vote, still a record for a free election in Venezuela. He took office on 15 February and was noted for raising the state's tax revenue for oil profits increase from 43% to 50%, a tax scheme known as "fifty / fifty" and which was subsequently replicated in several oil producing countries such as Saudi Arabia. President Gallegos initiated the implementation of an "open-door" policy, which sparked an influx of Italians, eventually becoming the largest European population group within Venezuela. Nevertheless, army officers Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Luis Felipe Llovera Páez overthrew him in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état in November of that year. He took refuge first in Cuba and then in Mexico. Gallegos returned to his country after the fall of the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958. While he was named a senator for life, he no longer took an active role in politics.

Gallegos was awarded the National Literature Prize (1958, for La doncella), and elected to the Venezuelan Academy of the Language (the correspondent agency in Venezuela of the Spanish Royal Academy).

From 1960 to 1963, he was a Commissioner of the newly created Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (created by OAS in Washington on 18 August 1959), and he was also its first President (1960) a position he held until 1963.

Administration

Cabinet of Rómulo Gallegos
Ministry	Name	Períod
Internal Relations	Eligio Anzola Anzola	February – November, 1948
External relationships	Andrés Eloy Blanco
Treasury	Manuel Pérez Guerrero
Defense	Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
Development	Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo
Public Works	Edgar Pardo Stolk
Education	Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa
Jobs	Raúl Leoni
Communications	Leonardo Ruiz Pineda
Agriculture & Livestock	Ricardo Montilla
Health & Social Care	Edmundo Fernández
Office	Gonzalo Barrios

Accolades

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1960, largely due to the efforts of Miguel Otero Silva and gained widespread support in Latin America, but ultimately lost out to Saint-John Perse. The Rómulo Gallegos International Novel Prize was created in his honor on 6 August 1964 by a presidential decree, enacted by Venezuelan president Raúl Leoni. The declared purpose of the prize is to "perpetuate and honor the work of the eminent novelist and also to stimulate the creative activity of Spanish language writers." It is awarded by the government of Venezuela, through the offices of the Rómulo Gallegos Center for Latin American Studies (Celarg). The first prize was given in 1967. It was awarded every five years until 1987, when it became a biannual award. The award includes a cash prize of €100,000 making it among the richest literary prizes in the world.

Personal life and death

Gallegos was married to Teotiste Arocha Egui, who served as First Lady of Venezuela in 1948. Rómulo Gallegos Freire died in Caracas on 5 April 1969.

Gallegos and Teotiste

In 2016 his grave was desecrated by thieves, who stole the marble and his remains. His granddaughter took Twitter to express her frustration: "Here in Venezuela, not even the remains of an ex-president can be kept away from the hands of crime."

Published works

Venezuelan Presidential election 1947

Results

Candidates Votes Rómulo Gallegos 871,752 Rafael Caldera 262,204 Gustavo Machado 36,587

• El último Solar (1920) (alternative title:Reinaldo Solar)
• La trepadora (1925)
• Doña Bárbara (1929)
• Cantaclaro (1934)
• Canaima (1935) (also published in English, 1988 ISBN 0-8061-2119-X)
• Pobre negro (1937)
• El forastero (1942)
• Sobre la misma tierra (1943)
• La rebelión (1946)
• La brizna de paja en el viento (1952)
• Una posición en la vida (1954)
• El último patriota (1957)
• El piano viejo

See also

• Presidents of Venezuela
• List of Venezuelans

Further reading

• Gallegos: Doña Bárbara / Donald Leslie Shaw., 1972
• Rómulo Gallegos: an Oklahoma encounter and the writing of the last novel / Lowell Dunham., 1974
• Nine essays on Rómulo Gallegos / Hugo Rodríguez-Alcalá., 1979
• Three Spanish American novelists a European view / Cyril A Jones., 1967
• Sociopolitical aspects of the novels of Rómulo Gallegos / Earl Leon Cardon., 1962
• The function of symbol in the novels of Rómulo Gallegos / Jeannine Elizabeth Hyde., 1964

References

• DUNHAM, LOWELL. 1990: "Cartas familiares de Rómulo Gallegos". Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven, S.A. Caracas – Venezuela.
• MORON, GUILLERMO. 1979: "Los presidentes de Venezuela 1811–1979". Meneven, S.A. Caracas – Venezuela.
• ROMERO MARTÍNEZ, VINICIO. 1987: "Mis mejores amigos". Editorial Larense. Caracas – Venezuela.
• SUBERO, EFRAÍN. 1984: "Aproximación sociologica a la obra de Rómulo Gallegos homenaje en el centenario de su nacimiento".Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven, S.A. Caracas – Venezuela.