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Mexican Navy

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Mexican Navy
Armada de México (Spanish)
FoundedJanuary 19, 1800; 224 years ago (January 19, 1800)
CountryMexico
TypeNavy
RoleNaval warfare
Size87,556 personnel (2024)
Part ofSecretariat of the Navy
AnniversariesJune 1, National Navy Day[1]
Engagements
Commanders
Current
commander		Admiral José Rafael Ojeda Durán
Insignia
Naval jackMexican Navy Jack

The Mexican Navy is one of the two independent armed forces of Mexico. The actual naval forces are called the Armada de México. The Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR) (English: Naval Secretariat) includes both the Armada itself and the attached ministerial and civil service. The commander of the Navy is the Secretary of the Navy, who is both a cabinet minister and a career naval officer.

The Mexican Navy's stated mission is "to use the naval force of the federation for external defense, and to help with internal order".[2] As of 2020, the Navy consisted of about 68,200 men and women plus reserves,[3] over 189 ships, and about 130 aircraft.[4][5] The Navy attempts to maintain a constant modernization program to upgrade its response capability.

Given Mexico's large area of water (3,149,920 km2 (1,216,190 sq mi)) and extensive coastline (11,122 km (6,911 mi)), the Navy's duties are of great importance. Perhaps its most important on-going missions are fighting the Mexican drug war, which includes protecting Pemex's oil wells in Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. Another important task of the Mexican Navy is to help people in hurricane relief operations and other natural disasters.

The Mexican navy is the second largest navy in Latin America and North America, and the third largest in the Americas after the United States and Brazil.

History

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Depiction of Mexican Navy Lieutenant José Azueta firing a French Hotchkiss machine gun in the defense of Veracruz during the Second U.S. intervention of the Mexican Revolution, painting at the Naval Historical Museum in Mexico City
Mexico's naval jack from 1994 to 2000

The Mexican Navy has its origins in the creation of the Ministry of War in 1821. From that year until 1939 it existed jointly with the Mexican Army in the organic ministry. Since its declaration of independence from Spain in September 1810, through the mid decades of the 19th century, Mexico found itself in a constant state of war, mostly against Spain which had not recognized its independence. Therefore, its priority was to purchase its first fleet from the U.S. to displace the last remaining Spanish forces from its coasts.[6]

The Mexican Navy has participated in many naval battles to protect and defend Mexico's interests. Some of the most important battles were:

Attempts by Spain to reconquer Mexico

The first French intervention in Mexico (The 'Pastry War') (November 1838 – March 1839)

  • An entire Armada was captured at Veracruz
Texan Independence (1836–1845)
Yucatán Independence (1841–1848)
The Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
The Second French Intervention (1862–1867)
The Mexican Revolution (1910–1919)

Second invasion by the United States (April 9, 1914 – November 23, 1914)

Historical ships

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  • Mexican Navy gunboat Libertad in the 1870s
    Mexican Navy gunboat Libertad in the 1870s
  • Mexican Navy training ship Cuauhtemoc in 2005
    Mexican Navy training ship Cuauhtemoc in 2005

Organization

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The President of Mexico is commander in chief of all military forces. Day-to-day control of the Navy lies with the Navy Secretary, José Rafael Ojeda Durán.[7] In Mexico there is no joint force command structure with the army, so the Secretary reports directly to the President. The Navy has a General Headquarters and three naval forces. There are furthermore eight regions (four on the Pacific coast, three on the Mexican Gulf coast and the Región Naval Central, grouping the naval forces, based in and around the capital Mexico City, such as the 7th Naval Infantry Brigade, the Central Special Operations Group and the Air Transport Squadron), thirteen zones, and fourteen naval sectors.

The Navy is divided into three main services designated as "forces":

Other notable services include:

Officers are trained at the Mexican Naval Academy, called the "Heroica Escuela Naval Militar" ("Heroic Military Naval School"), located in Antón Lizardo, Veracruz.

Mexican Naval Infantry Marines insignia
Mexican marines displaying three different camouflage patterns used by the Mexican marine corps.
[edit]
Main article: Mexican Naval Infantry

The Mexican Naval Infantry Corps was reorganized in 2007–2009 into 30 Naval Infantry Battalions (Batallones de Infantería de Marina – BIM), a paratroop battalion, a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, two Fast Reaction Forces with six battalions each, and three Special Forces groups.[8] The Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways.

The Naval Infantry also is responsible for 23 National Service Training Units under the responsibility of the Navy Secretary, enforcing the National Service obligation for Mexicans of teenage and young adult age.

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Main article: Mexican Naval Aviation

Search and rescue units

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Main article: Maritime Search and Rescue (Mexico)

In 2008, the Mexican Navy created its new search and rescue system, allocated in strategic ports at Pacific and Gulf of Mexico ports, to provide assistance to any ships which are in jeopardy or at risk due to mechanical failure, weather conditions or life risk to the crew. To provide such support, the Navy has ordered Coast Guard Defender class ships (two per station, and one 47-Foot Motor Lifeboat coast guard vessel). Other stations will be provided only with Defender-class boats.[9]

Maritime role

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On April 1, 2014, SEMAR officially announced the creation of Port Protection Naval Units (Unidades Navales de Protección Portuaria: UNAPROP) which will include a marine section.[10][11] The main task of UNAPROPs is to ensure maritime surveillance and inspection.[12]

Training and education

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A Mexican marine fast-ropes onto the flight deck of the German support ship Frankfurt Am Main during a simulated multi-national maritime interdiction operation
Roundel of Mexico Naval Aviation insignia
A Mexican Naval Aviation BO-105 helicopter

The Navy offers several options for graduate studies in their educational institutions:

Heroica Escuela Naval Militar

It is the school where future officers are trained for the General Corps of the Navy. Candidates can enter upon completing high school. Upon completion of studies, graduates obtain the degree of Sub-Lieutenant and the title of Naval Science Engineer.

Naval Medical School

This school Located in Mexico City, offers a career in medicine. Officers are trained with skills for the prevention and health care of naval personnel. By adopting a professional examination, graduates are commissioned Sub-Lieutenants.

Naval Engineering School

In the Naval Engineering School, officers are responsible for the preventive and corrective maintenance of systems and electronic equipment installed on ships and installations of the Mexican Navy. This school offers career of Electronic Engineering and Naval Communications. It is located between the town of Mata Grape and Anton Lizardo, 32 km (20 mi) from the port of Veracruz.

Naval Nursing School

Here the time to achieve a nursing degree lasts eight semesters. Officers are trained with the knowledge and skills necessary to enable them to assist medical personnel in caring for patients in hospitals, sanatoriums, clinics, health sections on land, aboard ships and at The Naval Medical Center.

Naval Aviation School

The Naval Aviation School trains pilots for the Mexican Naval Aviation as well as staff from the Federal Preventive Police and Naval personnel from various countries of Central America. This school is located on La Paz, Baja California Sur.[13]

Search, Rescue and Diving School

Located in Acapulco, members of The Navy are trained for marine search, rescue and diving. It also trains state police officers and firefighters.

Rank insignia

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Main article: Military ranks of Mexico

Commissioned officer ranks

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The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Mexican Navy[14]
Secretario de Marina Almirante Vicealmirante Contraalmirante Capitán de navío Capitán de fragata Capitán de corbeta Teniente de navio Teniente de fragata Teniente de corbeta Guardiamarina

Other ranks

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The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Mexican Navy[14]
Segundo maestre Tercer maestre Cabo Marinero

Modernization and budget

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The annual Navy's budget is in a one to three proportion of the national budget relative to the Mexican Army and Mexican Air Force. The Navy has a reputation for being well-run and well-organized. This reputation allows for a close relationship with the United States Navy (USN), as evidenced by the procurement of numerous former USN ships.

Ships

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The Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza, announced on October 1, 2007, detailed plans to upgrade and modernize the country's naval capabilities. On the following day, La Jornada newspaper from Mexico City, disclosed the Mexican Navy plans, which are among others, to build six offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) with a length of 86 metres (282 ft), 1,680 tons and each housing a Eurocopter Panther helicopter as well as small high-speed interception boats. The budget for this project is above US$200 million.

Another project is to build 12 CB 90 HMN high speed (50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph)) interception boats under license from a Swedish boat company Dockstavarvet to the Mexican Navy. Also, a number of fully equipped planes for surveillance and maritime patrol are being considered. Combinations of options and development are being defined.

Shipbuilding

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Main article: Secretary of The Navy Shipyards

The Mexican Navy depends upon their naval shipyards for construction and repairs of their ships. There are five shipyards located in the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean:

Missiles

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The Mexican Navy initiated studies to develop and construct its first missile, according to a May 2005 interview with the undersecretary of the Navy, Armando Sanchez, the missile was to have an average range of 12 to 15 kilometres (7.5 to 9.3 mi) and be able to target enemy ships and aircraft. The undersecretary added that they already had the solid propellant, and the basic design of the missile. All aspects relative to their fuselage were solved as well as the launch platforms. The Mexican Navy was developing the software to direct the missile to its target. In July 2008, the project was reported to be 80% complete. Despite this effort, the missile development was canceled in 2009 due to "problems with the propulsion system".[15]

Radar modernization

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In 2009, the Mexican Navy began operating a batch of new MPQ-64 Sentinel radars in the oil-rich Gulf of Mexico. The radar network was installed in 2007 for a trial phase while military personnel were trained to get familiar with the system. The new installations will work together with combat surface vessels that patrol the area.[16][17]

Mexican Navy Maritime search and rescue unit flag
A Mexican Navy Maritime search and rescue team departs on a Royal Australian Air Force C-130H Hercules transport plane in Indonesia en route to Thailand to help survivors of the tsunami disaster in 2005
Mexican Navy sailor in 2009
CB 90 HMN – Polaris-class patrol interceptor

Present fleet

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Main article: List of Mexican Navy ships
Class Image Type Ships Origin
Frigates (5)
Allende class Multipurpose Anti-submarine frigate F211 Ignacio Allende
F212 Mariano Abasolo
F213 Guadalupe Victoria
F214 Francisco Javier Mina		  United States – ex-US Navy Knox-class frigate
Reformador class[18] Multipurpose Frigate F101 Benito Juárez[19]  Netherlands/ Mexico – Ships being built in The Netherlands and Mexico. At least 8 ships planned for fleet modernisation plan.
Missile boats (2)
Huracán class Missile boat A301 Huracán
A302 Tormenta		  Israel – ex-Israeli Navy Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat
Patrol vessel and other Warships (35)
Oaxaca class Offshore patrol vessels P161 Oaxaca
P162 Baja California
P163 Independencia
P164 Revolución
P165 Chiapas[20]
P166 Hidalgo[20]
P167 Jalisco[21]
P168 Tabasco		  Mexico
Durango class Offshore Patrol Vessel P151 Durango
P152 Sonora
P153 Guanajuato
P154 Veracruz		  Mexico
Sierra class Corvette P141 Sierra
P143 Prieto
P144 Romero		  Mexico
Holzinger class Offshore patrol vessels P131 Holzinger
P132 Godínez
P133 De la Vega
P134 Berriozabal		  Mexico
Uribe class Offshore patrol vessels
P122 Azueta
P123 Baranda
P124 Bretón
P125 Blanco
P126 Monasterio		  Spain
Valle class Converted Minesweeper / Offshore patrol vessels P102 Juan de la Barrera
P103 Mariano Escobedo
P104 Manuel Doblado
P106 Santos Degollado
P108 Juan N. Álvarez
P109 Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora
P110 Valentín Gómez Farías
P112 Francisco Zarco
P113 Ignacio L. Vallarta
P114 Jesús González Ortega
P117 Mariano Matamoros		  United States – ex-Auk-class minesweeper
Coastal patrol ships (44)
Tenochtitlan class[22][23] Coastal patrol PC331 Tenochtitlan
PC332 Teotihuacan
PC333 ARM Palenque
PC334 ARM Mitla
PC335 ARM Uxmal
PC336 ARM Tajin[24]
PC337 ARM Tulum[25]
PC338 ARM Monte Albán[26]
PC339 ARM Bonampak[27]
PC340 Chichen Iztzá		  Netherlands/ Mexico Based on Damen Stan Patrol 4207
Azteca class Coastal patrol PC202 Cordova
PC206 Rayón
PC207 Rejón
PC208 De la Fuente
PC209 Guzmán
PC210 Ramírez
PC211 Mariscal
PC212 Jara
PC214 Colima
PC215 Lizardi
PC216 Mugica
PC218 Velazco
PC220 Macías
PC223 Tamaulipas
PC224 Yucatán
PC225 Tabasco
PC226 Cochimie
PC228 Puebla
PC230 Vicario
PC231 Ortíz		 United Kingdom
 Mexico
Demócrata class Coastal patrol PC241 Demócrata
PC242 Francisco I. Madero		  Mexico
Cabo class Coastal patrol PC271 Corriente
PC272 Corso
PC273 Catoche		  Mexico
Punta class Coastal patrol PC-281 Morro
PC-282 Mastún		  Mexico
Interceptors
Polaris class Small Patrol vessel 44 In service  Sweden
Polaris II class Small Patrol vessel 6 In service + 17 under construction  Mexico
Acuario A/B class Patrol vessel In service  Mexico
Isla class Patrol boat In service  Mexico
Amphibious ships (3)
Papaloapan class Tank landing ship A411 Papaloapan
A412 Usumacinta		  United States – ex-USN Newport-class tank landing ship
Panuco class Tank landing ship A402 Manzanillo  United States – ex-US Navy USS Clearwater County, transferred in 1972
Logistic support vessel (2)
Montes Azules class Landing ship BAL01 Montes Azules
BAL02 Libertador (construction completed, inaugurated on September 10, 2012)[28]		  Mexico
TBD class Supply ship BAL11 Isla Madre Launched July 11, 2016.[26]  Netherlands Based on Damen Stan 5009 Fast Crew Supplier
Mine counter-measure (6)
Banderas class Minesweeper Banderas
Magdalena
Kino
Yavaros
Chamela
Tepoca		  United States
Auxiliary vessels
Huasteco class Multipurpose logistics vessel AMP01 Huasteco
AMP02 Zapoteco		  Mexico
Maya class Multipurpose ATR01 Maya
ATR02 Tarasco		  Mexico
B.E.Cuauhtémoc class Three-masted barque sail training ship BE01 Cuauhtémoc  Spain

The Mexican Navy includes 60 smaller patrol boats and 32 auxiliary ships. It acquired 40 fast military assault crafts, designated CB 90 HMN, between 1999 and 2001 and obtained a production license in 2002, enabling further units to be manufactured in Mexico.

Modern equipment

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Mexican Naval Infantry Inventory
Vehicle/System Type Versions
Armoured Vehicles
BTR-60/BTR-70 Amphibious Armored Personnel Carrier APC-70
Carat Security Group Armoured car Wolverine (Escorpion)
Renault Sherpa Light[29] Light Armored Vehicle MACK Sherpa Scout
Land Rover Military light utility vehicle Defender 4x4
Infantry Transport Vehicles
AM General HMMWV[30][31] Military light utility vehicle M1026, M1038, M1151
Ford-150[32] Pickup truck 4x4 F-150 series pick up
Ford-250[32] Pickup truck 4x4 F-250 series pick up
Dodge Ram[33] Pickup truck 4x4 Pick up
Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen[34][35] Military light utility vehicle 4x4 G-class
Trucks
Mercedes-Benz Zetros Military truck 6x6 truck
Ural-4320[36] Military truck Off-road 6x6 truck
Unimog U-4000[37][38] Military truck 4x4 truck
Gama Goat[citation needed] Amphibious 6-wheeled vehicle 6x6 truck
Freightliner M2[39] Truck 4x2 truck

Individual weapons and equipment

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Mexican Naval Inventory
Name Versions Type
M16A2 rifle 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle
M4 Carbine 5.56×45mm NATO Carbine
IMI Galil 5.56×45mm NATO Assault rifle
Heckler & Koch MP5 9×19mm Submachine gun
Heckler & Koch UMP .45 ACP Submachine gun
FN P90 5.7×28mm Submachine gun
Colt M1911 .45 ACP Semi-automatic pistol
Beretta 9×19mm Parabellum Pistol
Glock 17 9×19mm Parabellum Semi-automatic pistol
Five-seveN 5.7×28mm Semi-automatic pistol
Heckler & Koch MSG90 7.62×51mm NATO Sniper rifle
Barrett M82 .50 BMG Anti-material rifle
Remington 700 7.62×51mm NATO Sniper rifle
FN Minimi 5.56×45mm NATO Light machine gun
CETME Ameli[40] 5.56×45mm NATO Light machine gun
GAU-19 12.7×99mm NATO Rotary machinegun
M2 Browning machine gun 12.7×99mm NATO Heavy machine gun
M134 7.62×51mm NATO Rotary machinegun
STK 40 AGL 40mm Automatic grenade launcher
Milkor MGL 40mm Grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher 40mm Grenade launcher
Remington 1100 12 Semi-automatic shotgun

Artillery

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Mexican Naval Inventory
Name Versions Type
Self-propelled artillery
Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70 40mm Anti-aircraft autocannon
Oerlikon 20mm Anti-aircraft autocannon
Shipboard anti-aircraft artillery
Phalanx CIWS 20mm Close in Weapon System
Multiple rocket launchers
FIROS 122mm multiple rocket launcher
Towed artillery
OTO Melara Mod 56 105mm Towed howitzer
K6 120mm Heavy mortar
M29 81mm Medium mortar
Brandt LR 60mm Light mortar
Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 40mm Towed anti-aircraft autocannon
Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70 40mm Towed anti-aircraft autocannon
Oerlikon 20mm Towed anti-aircraft autocannon
Anti-shipping missiles
Gabriel Mk. II Anti-ship missile
RGM-84L Harpoon Block II Anti-ship missile
Anti-aircraft missiles
SA-18 72.2mm Surface-to-air missile
RIM-116[41] RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) Surface-to-air missile
RIM-162[42] RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) Surface-to-air missile
Light anti-tank weapons
RPG-75 Anti-tank weapon 68mm
B300 Rocket-propelled grenade 82mm

Aircraft inventory

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Main article: Mexican Naval Aviation § Current inventory

Future

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For the year 2008 budget, the Mexican Congress approved a US$15 million fund to build only 17 out of the 60 combat boats requested. These ships, designated CB 90 HMN, are to increase the Mexican Navy's fast boat fleet. Additional budgets will be awarded each passing year.[43] In total, the Mexican Navy has over 189 operational ships.[4]

In January 2013, the 112th Session of US Congress authorized the transfer of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates USS Curts and USS McClusky to the Mexican Navy,[44] but due to the cost of overhauling the vessels and the removal of all the weapons systems and most of the electronics and radar gear by the USN prior to transfer, this is still undecided by Mexico. The offer expired on January 1, 2016.[44]

2014

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On March 25, 2014 Beechcraft Corporation received an order of 2 T-6C+ military trainers from the Mexican Navy.[45]

On June 24, 2014, the Mexican Government requested the purchase of 5 UH-60Ms in USG configuration from the U.S.; its estimated cost is $225 million.[46] Also on June 24, BAE Systems announced it was awarded a contract by the Mexican Government to supply the navy with 4 Mk 3 57mm naval guns, for the ships of the Reformador class.[47]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Día de la Marina". sct.gob.mx. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  2. ^ "Mission and objectives" Archived July 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  3. ^ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  4. ^ a b [1] Archived September 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Rendición de cuentas SEMAR 2006 página 40
  5. ^ "Material Aereo" Archived February 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine(outdated page) (in Spanish)
  6. ^ "History of the Mexican Navy ships". Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  7. ^ "Secretaría de Marina | Gobierno | gob.mx". Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  8. ^ Informe 2009 Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ "Textron Systems Brand Change". Archived from the original on June 13, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  10. ^ "Mexican Navy increasing coast guard capabilities". Jane's. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  11. ^ Noticieros Televisa (March 31, 2014). "Crea Marina Unidades Navales de Protección Portuaria". televisa.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  12. ^ "Unidades de Marina vigilarán 19 puertos del país a partir del martes". Excélsior. March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  13. ^ SIAL Sistema Informativo Aeronáutico Latinoamericano Archived July 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ a b Secretariat of the Navy (November 21, 2005). "Reglamento De Uniformes, Condecoraciones, Divisas Y Distintivos De Laarmada De México" (PDF). SEMAR (in Spanish). pp. 80–83. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  15. ^ Mexican Naval missile Archived July 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  16. ^ "En marzo iniciarán operaciones radares de la Armada" (in Spanish). NOTIMEX. December 27, 2008. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  17. ^ "ThalesRaytheonSystems receives contract to support Mexican homeland security, protect Gulf oil infrastructure". Thales Raytheon Systems. May 11, 2006. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  18. ^ "En la presente Administración se impulsa el desarrollo de la Flota Naval con el Diseño, Construcción y Reparación de Buques de la SEMAR". Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  19. ^ "Launch date scheduled for Mexico's long-range patrol vessel". Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  20. ^ a b "3er Informe De Labores" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  21. ^ "La Secretaría de Marina pone a flote la Patrulla Oceánica ARM "HIDALGO" para la Armada de México". Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
  22. ^ "Fourth Damen Stan Patrol 4207 patrol vessel for Mexican Navy". August 23, 2013. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  23. ^ "Mexican Navy contracts Damen for fifth Tenochtitlan-class Patrol Vessel (Stan Patrol 4207)". December 12, 2013. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  24. ^ "Mexican Navy orders sixth Tenochtitlan-class Patrol Vessel (Stan Patrol 4207) from DAMEN". April 1, 2014. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  25. ^ "MEXICAN NAVY AND DAMEN SIGN CONTRACT FOR TWO VESSELS". Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  26. ^ a b "LA SECRETARÍA DE MARINA-ARMADA DE MÉXICO REALIZA BOTADURA DEL BUQUE DE APOYO LOGÍSTICO ARM "LIBERTADOR" (BAL-02), EN SALINA CRUZ, OAXACA". Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  27. ^ "4° Informe de Gobierno" (PDF). Presidencia de la República. September 1, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  28. ^ "La Secretaría de Marina- Armada de México realiza la botadura de la patrulla costera Arm "Monte Albán" (PC-338)". Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  29. ^ "Mexican military parades variety of new equipment – IHS Jane's 360". September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
  30. ^ "AM General Exhibe el Humvee HMMWV M1151B1 en DITDEF 2013". Infodefensa.com. May 19, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  31. ^ "México incorporó más de 6.000 vehículos en seis años". Infodefensa.com. June 9, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  32. ^ a b "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  33. ^ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  34. ^ "Recibe Semar vehículos para incrementar capacidad operativa". EL INFORMADOR. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  35. ^ "LA SECRETARÍA DE MARINA CONTINÚA INCREMENTANDO SU CAPACIDAD OPERATIVA CON UNIDADES TODO TERRENO". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  36. ^ "Another Batch of Russian Trucks to be Shipped to Latin America". Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  37. ^ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  38. ^ "Unimog Image". Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
  39. ^ "Secretaria de Marina – Armada de México". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  40. ^ "CETME Ameli". Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  41. ^ "Raytheon delivers RAM launcher for Mexican Navy POLA OPV". Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  42. ^ "Mexico buying Evolved Seasparrow missiles for new Sigma corvette". Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  43. ^ It was published within the Chapter 13 of the SEMAR 2008 final budget, by the SHCP, the Mexican finance ministry for this period.
  44. ^ a b "H.R. 6649 (112th): Naval Vessels Transfer Act of 2012". USA 112th CONGRESS, 2nd. session, H. R. 6649. govtrack.us. January 1, 2013. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  45. ^ "Textron – Mexican Navy places initial order for Beechcraft T-6C+ trainers". Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  46. ^ "Mexico – UH-60M Black Hawk Helicopters – The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency". Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  47. ^ "Newsroom – BAE Systems". Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
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