Talk:Vocative case

Albanian

Albanian also has the vocative case 'O'. 193.187.100.41 (talk) 22:51, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

Marking vocative in English

I'm not completely familiar with the technical jargon of verb tenses in English (sorry), but what do you mean when you say that, in English, the vocative case isn't marked? Reason I ask is because of the form "Sing in me, O muse", which is vocative. I don't believe "O" has any other function in English, so is that not a mark? -- PaulDrye

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I couldn't think of any other use for O either but you can make English vocative case sentences without O or any other mark. --rmhermen

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Given vocative examples without marker can be made in English, that justifies the "unmarked" description. The existance of O I think qualifies as practically vestigial, rather like the word both doesn't indicate English actually has a dual number in addition to singular and plural. -- kd5mdk

O and Oh sound alike but are spelled differently. If you are a programmer designing a spellchecker, you should be aware that O and Oh might appear to be interchangeable in places, but Oh, Oh!, Oh? all have different meanings. Not all of them denote a vocative function. This is far from being a trivial matter. 216.99.198.244 (talk) 18:12, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

"O tempora! O mores!" isn't English but uses the "O". Maybe its use in English comes from Latin? Is it being used vocatively here? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_tempora,_o_mores! 2.28.151.172 (talk) 01:10, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

The usage is often associated with old poetry and the Bible, and I'm not sure it was ever used commonly - is it not probable that English, and other Western European languages, did not develop this use of 'O' themselves but that it's a mere translation of the Greek (omega) used in the same way? Its use in Latin seems poetic, and could come from Greek (which was to the Romans the language of the Classicas too) and the Greek of the Bible and Classical Latin and Greek generally influenced this in poetic English? If someone has a reference that could clarify this, it would be worth putting in. Can't find anything on the internet as 'O' is not the most specific of searchwords. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.185.115.193 (talk) 10:40, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Addressing not only a person

The article currently states: The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person being addressed. At least in Polish and I'm almost sure that in other Slavic languages as well, a vocative case of any verb may be used i.e. not only people, but also abstracts (eg. ciemności! = O, darkness) and objects (książko! = O, book) may be addressed and if so, these nouns are then used in the vocative case. Of course the two latter situations are rare compared to addressing people, but sometimes these forms are indeed used. The section Vocative-like expressions in English also provides examples that addressing people is not the only use of this case. As I hope to be agreed with, now I'm going to add appropriate examples to the Polish section of this article, but would like someone to update the article's initial paragraph as I'm having problems with terminology. Gdabski 23:11, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Right you are! The Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian language example of which I can think is the song "Beograde" ('O, Belgrade', to stick with our way of representing vocative in English, and not forgetting that "Beograd" is the root (i.e. nominative form).) Language is open-ended. Adam Mathias 02:12, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes, and Serbo-Croatian songs abound with expressions like "ljubavi moja" O, my love, "laku noć, samoćo" good night, [o] loneliness and even "psujem te, živote" I curse you, life. The nominatives of the three bolded words are ljubav (love), samoća (loneliness, an abstract noun!) and život (life) Gazibara (talk) 10:39, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

The same in Ukrainian: вітре! 'O wind', Києве мій, як тебе не любити? 'O my Kyiv, how can't I love you?', зіронько моя 'O my little star' etc. One more note on Ukrainian: some words have plural vocative forms (панове '(dear) gentlemen', and two obsolete forms which, however, can still be used in poetry сестрове 'O sisters' and братове 'O brothers').  46.119.148.21 (talk) 16:02, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Vocative Cases in Arabic, Chinese, and Korean?

I have removed the references to vocative cases in Arabic, Chinese, and Korean, because they are not "vocative cases" in the grammatical sense. "A" or "ya" as described in Korean or Arabic are either interjections or grammatical particles, and they are not grammatically necessary. In Chinese, the use of "a" as the first syllable for calling someone is not grammatically necessary, but rather a common way of constructing nicknames. 阿明 is a nickname rather than the vocative case, as we can still use the same word to refer to him even if the name is not used in the vocative case. Same as in English, a person named Robert may be called Bob. However, the word "Bob" is not restricted in the vocative case, but the nickname can be used in the nominative, dative, or accusative cases. Wng 05:16, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Please cite your source, discuss and having reached a concensus before unilaterally delete sections, especially ones with multiple contributions, thanks. I don't speak Korean nor Arabic so I won't comment on them. But when you said "grammatical particle", isn't that the general classification of a vocative particle?

You are correct in that 阿 does not strictly indicate vocative case just as in the example in the intro: "John" itself is a vocative address. 阿 is just one way to express vocative, especially in Cantonese. Yes, it's by no means necessary but doesn't mean it's not a case either.

See the following links citing the use of 阿 as vocative and/or address:[1][2][3][4] --Kvasir 08:13, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

I won't touch the Arabic part then, as I don't speak Arabic and I'll let native speakers comment that. As for Korean, if it is used only in casual conversations and it is not required, then it means that Korean does not have the vocative case. English has lost the vocative case, and from the description, Korean is similar (from the discussion above, English can have the word "O" mark the vocative case, but no "O" is acceptable as well). In Chinese, the addition of 阿 is not required, as also acknowledged above. Although its use may be primarily vocative, 阿明 can be used in the nominative, dative, accusative, and all other grammatical cases without any grammatical declension. My opinion is that this article should be limited to languages that have noun declension with a vocative case or languages that have necessary morphemes (otherwise considered grammatically incorrect) to indicate the vocative case. Vestigial vocative cases (as seen in various Indo-European languages) that have morphemes making them different from other cases, as is the case of Venetian, may be worth mentioning. I have read the sources you cited, but none of them talks about grammar. Rather they're about culture, and how people address each other. All languages and cultures will have some kind of addressing each other, but this article is about grammar and should be limited to that. I placed the dubious mark in the article so other users may comment. --Wng 10:53, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

I would like to suggest someone confirm whether the vocative case is or is not used in the Korean language. As a native speaker of the Korean language, I would like to inform you that the use of "야" or "아" isn't optional; simply saying "경철 이리와" does not make sense. You have to say "경철아 이리와." I'm afraid I do not have a background in linguistics so I may very well be wrong, but wouldn't this prove that Korean has the vocative case? (I'm sorry, but this is my very first edit in wikipedia.. I'm not sure whether I should be editing this "page" in this way) -- (not sure of my user name.. I believe I had one, but I forget what it was) 10:47, 10 June 2007

I would like to support you on the use of 阿 in Chinese. I'm really surprised to see it listed like that here, and I think the part on Chinese should be re-written or deleted. Hzh 12:48, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

In the case of vernacular Cantonese Chinese my understanding is that the prefix 阿 is almost always obligatory - I am not sure whether this is the case in other spoken varieties - although this appears more to do with indicating politeness than with marking the addressee. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.114.66.57 (talk) 21:36, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Chinese, Korean, or Arabic should not be listed here unless someone can cite their sources that these languages indeed have the vocative case. Chinese and Korean nouns do not even have noun declension. Arguments that seem to indicate that "Bob" is the vocative case of "Robert" or "dad" is the vocative case of "father" should not be in this article. --Wng 08:45, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

I have provided references showing that the ya particle funcitons as the equivalent of a vocative case in Arabic, although the vocative case is not recognised as a distinct case in Arabic grammar. This should clear up the ambiguity, so I've taken the liberty of removing the "dubious" tags. Rashed (talk) 00:16, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

I am not a linguistics scholar and do not want to pronounce upon the question of whether a vocative must be a case, a separate form of each word; but I do know enough Chinese to be sure that "Ah" before a name is not a vocative. That is, not unless "Hey" is a vocative in English (as in "Hey John!"). --Evangeline 18:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Not so. The 阿 ā appears in many regional languages in China. 阿弟, 阿哥, 阿姨, are appropriate to use by family members when referring to "little brother," "big brother," "aunt," etc. Dr. Margery Chan at the University of Ohio is a linguist, and she refers to 阿(something or other) as "my vocative."

The function of the 阿 is clear. It can be argued that modern Chinese does not have "case," but early Chinese clearly did. (See the studies of Bernard Karlgren, for instance.) Whatever you call it, "ah" in these contexts in Chinese performs the same function as "ah" before a (changed) first name has in Irish. "Didi" is a kinship term, but it is not equivalent to "a di," because one can mention "my didi," but under normal circumstances not to "my a di." "A di" is ordinarily used in direct reference. You address your brother as "a di," but you don't say to him, "You are my a di," and it would sound like the utterance of a child who has not entirely figured things out if you said to some third party, "I like my a di but I don't like my a mei."

The eminent linguist, Y.R. Chao, in his A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, p. 66, says: "Vocative expressions [in Chinese] are nominal expressions yused to get the listener's attention before or without turning his attention to the nature or existence of anything." He also notes that vocatives have reduced pitch range over even the same locution when not used as a vocative. He gives the example of how you would say "Second-elder- sister" as a vocative -- with squeezed tonal range, and how you would return or perhaps even exaggerate "second elder sister" if you bumped into her in some unexpected social situation, "OH! Second elder sister, what are you doing here?" P0M (talk) 23:36, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Tragically, nobody here seems to know what Wikipedia is about! To call something a "vocative case" you need to have a secondary source calling it that. All the remaining discussion is irrelevant to the article and would be more appropriate on a forum. The fact that Chao speaks of a "vocative expression" in Chinese is also irrelevant - "vocative expressions" exist in absolutely all human languages, including English "(Hey) John!", and are not identical to vocative case. --91.148.159.4 (talk) 17:31, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

It seems clear that we have no authoritative sources for the vocative in Korean and in Chinese languages so I am removing the unsourced statements from the article.Sinazita (talk) 09:44, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

After confirming with Noun case, there seems to be only one remaining argument for the Chinese section's place in this article, the topic of which at present is exclusively the vocative case and not vocative expressions. That argument is P0M's suggestion that you cannot say "my a di", proving that "a di" is not just a vocative expression. In fact, in Taiwan it is perfectly acceptable to say "我阿公 [wo a gong]", "我阿媽 [wo a ma]", "我阿姨 [wo a yi]", etc., proving that 阿 [a] clearly does not function there as a vocative case. Unless a native putonghua speaker suggests otherwise, modern Chinese seems to have lost whatever vocative case it might once have had.

The Chao Yuen Ren citation is about fifty years old and has not proven the existence of a true vocative case. As such, I am deleting the section until someone provides positive evidence of the existence of a modern vocative case or wishes to write a section about the purported Middle or Early Chinese vocative case. The existing content is entirely about vocative expressions. Wiggin01 (talk) 08:21, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Comma after O

There should be no comma after O, as in "O my God." If you are using Oh and not O, that is completely different. Entbark 18:53, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Vocative of Tuus

Actually, I can't find "Tue" in text; I saw it listed under Tuus on Wiktionary. --Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici (talk) 23:24, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Cannot find it in my grammar. But who's the addressed one? The item owned by "thou" or "thou"? The consequences of pondering that is potentially mindcracking. Maybe it's a psychological blind spot of the grammar authors. Said: Rursus (☻) 08:06, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Isn't it ti? Compare with the vocative of meus; mi? --BiT (talk) 10:58, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

No, those are barbarisms that are not to be found in traditional Classical Latin literature. 'Tuus' does not follow the model that applies to 'Meus'. It doesn't matter how drunk or debauched a civilized Roman could get, he would not resort to that kind of an abomination. 216.99.198.244 (talk) 18:15, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Vocative of Rasputin in Russian?

Seeing as how Rasputin was on the verge of godhood if not sainthood, can his name take a vocative ending in any of the Slavic languages?

Is there a rule for polysyllabic nouns taking a vocative ending in any of the Russian or Slavic languages? If a noun has three or more syllables, does that prevent it from taking a vocative form? 216.99.198.244 (talk) 18:19, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

In Czech language the vocative of Rasputin is Rasputine. Jednoucelovy (talk) 18:56, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

1. Godhood or sainthood of a person (entity?) a name denotes need not prevent a vocative of the name from being formed. There is no such rule, I think. First, vocative case doesn't have a connotation of overfamiliarity or lack of respect in the Slavic languages I know. Second, sainthood or godhood doesn't turn a noun denoting the god/saint inanimate. Third, it is grammatically sound to form vocative cases even of inanimate nouns. There is, maybe, not much use of it in real life but there are uses of it in poetry, for example, where abstract concepts, like fate or hope, can be addressed directly by the hero.

2. There is no vocative case in modern Russian.

3. As far as I know, not many Russians (let alone other Slavs) care about Rasputin, I believe. Disproportionate interest of Western pop culture in the figure strike me as some strange way of romanticizing/exoticizing the last years of Russian Empire. Even if it had any bearing on the matter of vocative case, no one would think twice today about disrespecting/angering Rasputin. Sokulya (talk) 16:32, 5 November 2024 (UTC)

Polish

"In informal neutral speech, the nominative is increasingly used in place of the vocative, but this is regarded as bad style in formal situations."

It's not true. It happens only with proper names. Appellative nouns must stay in Vocative, when the context needs it. Sentences like **"Pan profesor, mogę się o coś zapytać?" 'Professor, can I aks a question', **"Powiedz mi, przyjaciel" 'tell me, friend', **"co robisz, dureń" 'what are you doing, idiot' are UNGRAMMATICAL and are not used by any speaker of Polish, no matter if it's formal or unformal speech. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.18.20.64 (talk) 15:14, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Hindi-Urdu has a vocative case

According to the Hindi-Urdu grammar page, that language has a vocative case; it is not listed among the Indo-European languages retaining a vocative case. Stifynsemons (talk) 05:04, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

English examples...

The article lists "Mr. President" and "Madam Chairman".

Should we also include other formal ways of addressing people like "Your Honor," "Your Majesty," "His Highness," etc.?

I know the third-person conjugation is often used when using these addresses, for example "Is His Highness well today?"

-Helvetica (talk) 19:58, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

These are not vocative unless the person is directly being addressed. Vocative is not a formal way of referring to someone, it is used in addressing someone directly, which English does not make a distinction for except for either using a comma, or having "O" written before the name/thing. — al-Shimoni (talk) 14:52, 9 August 2024 (UTC)

Forms like Mister President and Madam Chairman are, in my experience, used only in the vocative; though that's not true of Your Abstraction. —Tamfang (talk) 22:13, 9 August 2024 (UTC)

"Mr. President" and "Madam Chairman" may most frequently be used in a vocative position, but they are not by default vocative and can—and do—get used in the third person.— al-Shimoni (talk) 20:41, 10 August 2024 (UTC)

Examples? —Tamfang (talk) 01:32, 12 August 2024 (UTC)

For example, when making statements/announcements such as, "Upon the request of Madam Chairman, [...]". — al-Shimoni (talk) 12:57, 6 September 2024 (UTC)

One does not say His Abstraction in the second person. Is Your Highness well today? It is grammatically third person, though. —Tamfang (talk) 22:14, 9 August 2024 (UTC)

Swedish?

Though Swedish doesn't have a vocative case, maybe it should be mentioned that Swedish adjectives do change when used as a part of a vocative phrase, similarly to Icelandic: (en) kär vän - (a) dear friend; Kära vän! - dear friend!

Furthermore, if I'm not mistaken, sometimes the definite forms of Swedish nouns are used in vocative phrases instead of undefinite forms, such as "Hej, farsan!" - "Hi, daddy!" where "farsa" means "daddy", and "farsan" otherwise means "the daddy, the father". Further examples may be "gumman", "tjejen" etc.

I know these are not examples for a real vocative case, but I don't think they are less relevant here than English 'O' either.

Abcd9999 (talk) 15:01, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Neapolitan?

Neapolitan has a vocative case (and as well has many speakers), it might be good if an expert could make themselves available to create a section on Neapolitan.

Spope3 (talk) 06:32, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

Lithuanian

(This is a conversation I started at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Lithuania, but I now realize it should take place here, so I moved it.) — Sebastian 06:57, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

For almost seven years, Vocative case § Lithuanian has had a hatnote requiring attention from an expert, because it claims that it "developed new forms for several classes of nouns." What are the new forms Lithuanian developed? Thanks! — Sebastian 16:40, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

I removed the wording in question along with the hatnote. — Sebastian 22:34, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

I'm weak in English, but I'll try to explain. According to historical grammar, the vocative with ending -ai were formed relatively late. This happened in 18-19 centuries. Old vocative ending with -e was replaced by -ai calling to humans (males) if their names/surnames ended in nominative -as, so: Petrai! Jonai! Pone (mister) Andriūnai (surr.)! (as well tėvai (father)!) instead of Petre! Jone! Pone Andriūne!(tėve!). Other historically new-formed vocatives might be without any ending. It works on diminutives suffixed with -(i)uk, -yt: mažiuk (little one, masc.)! vaikiuk (little/dear child, masc.)! mamyt (mommy)! katyt (pussy cat, fem.)! instead of mažiukai/-e! vaikiukai/-e! mamyte! katyte!, as well this shortening might work in other circumstances. Nouns (masculine, nominative -as) with suffix -ok can be shortened in vocative, too: naujok (novice, beginner)! pirmok (first-former)! stačiok (churl)! etc. Finally, nominative can be used instead of vocative, but such usage is incorrect though. The nouns with sg. nominatives -jas, -ias, (masc.) have new endings taken from another declensions: mokytojau (teacher, masc.)! velnie (devil, masc.)! instead of mokytoje! velne! But the vocatives svety (guest, masc.)! gaidy (rooster)! broli (brother)! instead of *svete! *brole! *gaide! are very old innovations. This class of nouns (-jas, -ias, -is, -ys) have new developed forms in locative, nouns with -is, -ys (brolis, gaidys) have new created accusative's form brolį, gaidį instead of *brolią, *gaidžią. Long time ago, all of those nouns had the same endings like the nouns with -as (vyras - man, sodas - garden) in all grammatical cases. There are much more words classes with "borrowed" of other ones or with recomposed endings. --Ed1974LT (talk) 00:57, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Thank you, Ed1974LT, that is very helpful; your English is strong enough to explain this. So I see there is a bigger context for this, it's not just about vocative; that should be discussed in the article Lithuanian declension. Unfortunately, in that article I counted about 60,000 characters, which means, according to Reading and comprehension, that it will take the average reader about an hour to read. I'm sorry that I don't have the time for that now. So I'm limiting myself to just the vocative.

It seems to me that the sentence I removed can be reinstated in a form like "In some cases, Lithuanian has formed new vocative endings between the 18th and 19th centuries." We could then add another column that shows the old forms. Maybe that is what has been attempted already in the table, because I see that broliukas has two endings, which I can partially match to your mažiuk/mažiukai/-e example. But the variation between -e and -ai does not appear in the table. Does that apply to all four regular words with the nominative ending -as (vilkas, vėjas, Jonas, broliukas)? — Sebastian 17:20, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for answer, Sebastian. In modern, standard Lithuanian, Ending -ai can be applied only to the Proper Names with nominative ending -as and never to -jas (vėjas), -ias, -ys, -is, they have no variations, as well diminutive broliuke! and name Jone! sounded weird and old-fashioned like the pronoun's forms thou, thee, thy were strange thing in modern English. Vilkai! will be possible if Vilkas (Wolf) will be a surname (proper name) of a male. In 18-19 centuries, Lithuanian has formed namely vocative ending -ai. All other recomposed vocative endings (of I declension) were formed earlier than between 18-19 ct. Reconstructions are more difficult than I have showed you above, I could write them into column myself if you agreed with this.--Ed1974LT (talk) 00:09, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Since the table is written by who-knows who without any reference, and you certainly know what you're doing, I not only agree, but ask you to edit it; I'm sure it will be an improvement. In that case, we could add the wording "In some cases, Lithuanian has formed new vocative endings between the 18th and 19th centuries. In those cases, the older forms are in column "pre-18th c"."

Now I have a question out of curiosity, for which there's probably no definitive answer: Could it be that the new forms developed because [ai] are the two phones that most induce smiling, thereby making the vocative more friendly? — Sebastian 01:45, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Originally, vocatives Jone! berniuke! was shortened to Jon! berniuk!, and later they had got -ai. -ai is an enclitic suffix which often supplements different parts of speech, e. g. jis 'he', ji 'she' = jisai, jinai; geras 'good', baltas 'white' = gerasai, baltasai; du 'two', tu 'you (thou)' = dial. dujai, tujai. In Lithianian, there are not appropiate word-final sets of consonants -tr (-Petr!), -rd (kard! 'sword!'), -ln (kaln! 'mountain!'), etc., and consonant ending with -v. It's an inconvenient thing to pronounce them, especially in the word sequences like Petr, trauk! (Peter, drag it!), Leonard, trenk! (Leonard, hit it!), kaln, lik! (mountain, stay!), tėv, važiuokime! (father, let's go by car!). Thus, enclitic -ai was added for the good of comfortable pronunciation to all vocatives of this class, or those vocatives were not shortened any more. I will write endings into colums later and I'll be thankful for your help in correction if I'll do some format errors.--Ed1974LT (talk) 14:27, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Sebastian, I added other vocatives to the table. I think, It would be simpler to put a sentence there about that, the reconstructed, Old Lithuanian and dialectic vocatives added to show the older (original) their forms. We wouldn't need to speak about vocatives created in the few past centuries then, because there are much more new non-original vocatives that were really taken from other classes of nouns (N. vėjas - V. vėjau! instead of vėje! by analogy with u-stem N. sūnus - V. sūnau!, etc.), and there are new-formed ones created in others time than 18-19 cts. Could you correct the table (sheet) if I did anything wrong, please? Thank you in advance.--Ed1974LT (talk) 00:34, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Thank you, Ed1974LT. I'm afraid the table has become much more complicated now. The table was already not very easy before, but now the complication has multiplied by about a factor 4×2×1½ = 12:

• Factor 4: Before, each row used one example. Now we have up to four (as for the diminutives). I think usually one example is enough to give someone the idea of what's happening; this is a general article about all languages, so we can not afford to be complete.
• Factor 2: We now have forms with star, like *gaidijas. Which of the meanings of Asterisk#Linguistics does this refer to? If "unattested", then I would rather leave them out.
• Factor 1½: We now have more cases with parentheses, and sometimes even two variants in one parenthesis, as in kalviuk(ai, -e)!.

How about if we split the column into two: One for the current standard, and one for other important forms, such as historic and dialect? You're apparently a new user, so I understand that you may not be comfortable working with tables, so I'm making a beginning. It would be great if you could thin out the "other forms" column so that it only contains important forms. — Sebastian 06:57, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

I'm done with my edit. I did remove a lot of the multiple cases. Since I don't know Lithuanian, I probably made a number of errors: I may have removed the better examples, or put the wrong form in the "other forms" column. Please be BOLD in making changes; you obviously are the expert I have been waiting for, and I'm just here to help you with the technical side and some Wikipedia experience. — Sebastian 07:22, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for corrections,Sebastian. There really was a surplus in the word forms. I just wantto advise against an emphasis placed on phrase "between 18th and 19th centuries" because following sentences are In those cases, the older forms are listed under (other forms). In the column 'Other form', only 2 vocatives vėje! Jone! must be connected with this period ("between 18th and 19th centuries"). All other forms belong not to those centuries. Lithuanian has formed them much more earlier that between 18th and 19th centuries, and sometimes it did it later. I'd propose the phrasings In some cases, Lithuanian has formed new vocative with ending -ai between the 18th and 19th centuries, other vocative innovations belongs to the various periods. The older forms are listed under (other forms). Naturally, these phrases are in need of correct English, and I ask you to help with this in advance again :) I already have done some necessary changes in the table, and I have added the sentences In addition, there is an ablaut of long vowel ė in nominative and short vowel e /ɛ/ in vocative. In pronunciation, ė is close-mid vowel [eː], and e is open-mid vowel /ɛ/. under table.--Ed1974LT (talk) 13:04, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for your patience, Ed1974LT. I split up the sentence in the top paragraph to two sentences as follows: "There have been several changes in history, the last being the -ai ending formed between the 18th and 19th centuries. The older forms are listed under "(other forms)"." I noticed you moved "marčia!" and "sesute!" into the "current standard" column. Does that mean that there are two current standard forms for each of these? (In other words: both "marti!" and "marčia!" are current standard forms for "marti", and both "sesut!" and "sesute!" are current standard forms for "sesutė"?) — Sebastian 08:04, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Thank you, Sebastian. Yes, the words "marčia!"/"marti!" and "sesute!"/"sesut!" are current standard forms. "sesut!" is a shortened vocative of "sesute!" (N. sesutė and V. sesute!; there is the ancient ablaut I mentioned before. ė does contrast with e both by length and quality https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%96). Shortened new vocative sesut! has a nuance of colloquial/ dialectic language, though both vocatives are current standard forms in modern Lithuanian. --Ed1974LT (talk) 20:22, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Thank you, Ed1974LT. So it sounds like we're both happy with how the section looks now. — Sebastian 20:59, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Yes, it was nice co-working, ich danke Dir und ich glaube, dass wir können auch in Zukunft zusammenarbeiten.--Ed1974LT (talk) 21:34, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

loss vs merger

Many modern Indo-European languages have lost the vocative case.

Any objection to changing this to

• In many modern Indo-European languages, the vocative case has merged with the nominative

? "Lost" could be taken as meaning that vocative constructions are no longer possible!

Are there languages in which the vocative has merged with a case other than nominative? —Tamfang (talk) 22:45, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

Maybe I'm spoiled by Wikipedia jargon, but to me "merged with" expresses a symmetry, as when we merge two articles. For me, the asymmetry that in all cases I know it's always the nominative form that persists is better expressed with the old wording. Maybe a wording like "merged into" would be an acceptable compromise? — Sebastian 19:49, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

"O word" listed at Redirects for discussion

A discussion is taking place to address the redirect O word. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 15#O word until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 🌸 1.Ayana 🌸 (talk) 11:14, 15 May 2020 (UTC)