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Sevmorput

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Sevmorput in the Baltic Sea in February 2020
History
NameSevmorput (Севморпуть)
NamesakeNorthern Sea Route
OwnerRussian Federation
Operator
Port of registry
Ordered30 May 1978
BuilderZaliv Shipyard (Kerch, Ukrainian SSR)
CostUS$265 million
Yard number401
Laid down1 June 1982
Launched20 February 1986
Completed31 December 1988
Decommissioned2024 (planned)[2]
In service1988–2007; 2016–present
Out of service2007–2016
Identification
StatusIn service
General characteristics
TypeLASH carrier/container ship
Tonnage
Displacement61,880 tons (summer)[3]
Length260.30 m (854.0 ft)
Beam32.20 m (105.6 ft)
Draught
  • 11.80 m (38.7 ft) (summer)
  • 10.65 m (34.9 ft) (Arctic)
Depth18.30 m (60.0 ft)
Ice class
  • RMRS ULA (1981 rules)
  • RMRS UL (current)
Installed powerKLT-40 nuclear reactor (135 MWt)
Propulsion
Speed
  • 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) (10 m (33 ft) draught, full power)
  • 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) in 1 m (3.3 ft) level ice
Range
  • Unlimited (nuclear)
  • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) (diesel)[4]
Capacity

Sevmorput (Russian: Севморпуть, IPA: [sʲɪvmɐrˈputʲ], lit. Northeast Passage) is a Russian nuclear-powered cargo ship. The 1988-built vessel is one of only four nuclear-powered merchant ships ever built and, after returning to service in 2016 following an extensive refit, the only such vessel to remain in service as of 2023.[5]

History

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Development and construction

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After the Second World War, the Soviet Union began developing the Northern Sea Route in order to support the economic exploitation of the vast natural resources of the northern regions. The ambitious plan initiated by the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 1950s led to the construction of powerful icebreakers to escort cargo ships through the ice-covered waters and extend the navigating season in the Russian Arctic.[6][7] The flagship of the post-war Soviet icebreaker fleet was the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker, Lenin.[8]

While numerous warships and submarines were built with nuclear marine propulsion, attempts to utilize the nearly unlimited range provided by an onboard nuclear reactor to transport commercial cargo were limited to a small number of experimental prototypes.[8] The United States had built the world's first nuclear-powered merchant ship, Savannah, primarily as a technological demonstrator and ambassador for the peaceful use of atomic power rather than an economically viable cargo ship.[9] Similarly, both the West German Otto Hahn and the Japanese Mutsu were intended to be research ships and to provide experience from nuclear propulsion; the latter also never carried any commercial cargo.[10][11]

However, the Soviet Union continued developing nuclear-powered ships to support Arctic shipping and began building new nuclear-powered icebreakers in the 1970s.[8] On 30 May 1978, the Ministry of the Merchant Marine (MORFLOT) and the Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry of the Soviet Union signed a joint decision No. C-13/01360 for the development of an ice-strengthened nuclear-powered lighter aboard ship (LASH) carrier. The design work was assigned to the Leningrad-based Central Design Bureau "Baltsudoproekt".[12][13]

The keel of "Project 10081" was laid at Zaliv Shipyard in Kerch, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, on 1 June 1982 and the ship was launched on 20 February 1986.[3] The nuclear-powered LASH carrier was named Sevmorput (Russian: Севморпуть, IPA: [sʲɪvmɐrˈputʲ]) after the Russian abbreviation for the Northern Sea Route (Russian: Се́верный морско́й путь, romanized: Severnyy morskoy put). The ship's KLT-40 reactor plant reached criticality on 26 October 1986.[13] Sevmorput was delivered to the state-owned Murmansk Shipping Company (MSCO) on 31 December 1988.[3][14]

The overall price of the nuclear-powered cargo ship was reported to be around US$265 million.[15]

Career

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Murmansk Shipping Company (1988–2008)

[edit]

After leaving the shipyard and entering commercial service, Sevmorput sailed through the Mediterranean and around Africa until finally reaching the Soviet Far East.[15] However, authorities in Nakhodka, Vostochny, Magadan and Vladivostok refused to accept the two-month-old ship into their ports due to popular protests. In addition the harbour workers also refused to load or unload any cargo or provide any port services due to fears of radiation leakage. This was caused by uncertainty about the safety of the ship's nuclear propulsion system and the shadow of the Chernobyl disaster only a few years earlier. The local newspapers had also reported a four-minute emergency on board the nuclear icebreaker Rossiya only a week before the arrival of Sevmorput.[15] The ship was finally allowed to dock at Vladivostok on 13 March 1989.[16]

The initial plan was to utilize Sevmorput in international transport, and the Soviet government applied for a permission to have the ship make several stops in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in March 1990. However, the permission was denied because the evacuation and emergency response measures of the city were not deemed adequate in case of an accident involving the ship's nuclear reactor. Later the ship was mainly used on the Murmansk-Dudinka route, but also made several trips to Vietnam in the early 1990s.[16] The daily operating expenses of Sevmorput were reportedly around US$90,000 and she was not expected to make profit during the first two years of her career.[15]

In the late 1990s, Sevmorput was laid up in Murmansk due to delays in the refueling of her reactor.[17] The refueling finally took place in 2001 and later the ship resumed service on the Dudinka route.[16]

In August 2007, it was reported that Sevmorput would be converted into the world's first nuclear-powered drillship due to lack of demand for cargo operators for lighters and the need of specialized drilling vessels in the Russian Arctic. The conversion at the Zvezdochka plant in Severodvinsk was to take only 18 months.[18] However, the renovation project was cancelled in February 2008.[16]

Atomflot (2008–present)

[edit]

The management of the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet was transferred from MSCO to Rosatom in 2008.[19] In October 2009, the general director of Atomflot announced that Sevmorput could remain in service for 15 years.[16]

In late October 2012, it was reported that Sevmorput, which had been lying idle at the Atomflot base outside Murmansk since 2007, had been removed from the Russian Ship Register in July and would be sold for scrap.[20] However, in December 2013 it was reported that the decision to decommission the nuclear-powered ship had been cancelled and that the vessel would be brought back to service by February 2016.[21][22][23] Following a two-year refit and refueling of the reactor,[24] Sevmorput left Murmansk in November 2015 for the first time in nine years to carry out sea trials in the Barents Sea.[25][26][27]

Since returning to service in 2016, the world's only nuclear-powered cargo ship has been chartered mainly by the Russian Ministry of Defence for transporting cargo related to the development of military infrastructure in the Arctic.[28] In addition, the vessel has occasionally transported supplies for oil and gas projects.[29]

Sevmorput behind the nuclear-powered icebreaker Yamal

In October 2018, the Russian Federal Agency for Fishery (Rosrybolovstvo), Rosatom and various Russian fishing industry organizations began discussing the possibility of transporting Pacific salmon caught in Kamchatka to western Russia along the Northern Sea Route using Sevmorput.[30] Initially, two test shipments of 5,000 tonnes of frozen fish from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Saint Petersburg were planned for 2019,[31] but the second voyage was later cancelled after the first voyage turned out to be less profitable than expected.[32] On 21 March 2019, Sevmporput sailed for the first time from Archangelsk to Utrenneye (Salmanovskoye) natural gas field at Gyda Peninsula to transport 17,000 tons of construction goods for Novatek's Arctic LNG-2 project. The passage took in total of five days.[33][34] The ship completed the same journey also the next year in March 2020, delivering 20,000 tons of goods.[35]

While Russian nuclear-powered icebreakers had occasionally operated in the Gulf of Finland, Sevmorput's pilot voyage in September 2019 marked the first time commercial cargo was carried to the Baltic Sea on board a Russian nuclear-powered vessel.[36] While the vessel later returned to Murmansk, the sinking of the only Russian floating dock capable of accommodating the vessel in November 2018 forced Sevmorput to sail back to Saint Petersburg for propeller repairs in December 2019.[37]

After transporting a second shipment of fish from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Saint Petersburg in September 2020,[38] reportedly on the orders of President Vladimir Putin,[39] Sevmorput loaded prefabricated building modules for the new Vostok Station in Antarctica and departed on 5 October. This would mark the first time a nuclear-powered surface ship would sail to the Earth's southernmost continent. After leaving the Baltic Sea and passing through the English Channel, Sevmorput headed south along the European and African coasts. However, shortly after crossing the Equator the vessel unexpectedly slowed down from its usual transit speed of about 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) to about 6 to 7 knots (11 to 13 km/h; 6.9 to 8.1 mph) and, after sailing back and forth along its past track for a while, changed course towards Africa.[40] Although Rosatomflot initially declined to comment the situation,[41] unofficial reports implied that Sevmorput lost one of its four propeller blades and divers had to remove the opposite blade to balance the propeller.[42][43] On 26 November, it was confirmed that Sevmorput would have to head back to Saint Petersburg for repairs and the construction of the new Vostok station would be postponed to 2021 due to deteriorating ice conditions in Antarctica.[44] After a winter lay-up, the vessel was drydocked in April 2021 and the repairs were completed in July.[45] Although metal fatigue, foreign object and improper operation were all considered potential explanations, the root cause of the propeller blade failure could not be determined.[46]

In August 2021, Sevmorput sailed to Murmansk. After spending two months at quayside,[47] the ship returned again to Saint Petersburg to load nuclear power plant components for Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant under construction in Bangladesh. The cargo will be shipped to Vladivostok for transshipment.[48]

In October 2021, BSK-Rybnaya Kompaniya chartered the nuclear-powered cargo ship to transport frozen fish from Kamchatka. The first voyage along the Northern Sea Route was scheduled for November 2021.[49]

In October 2023, Sevmorput was one of the ships suspected by Finnish police of possible involvement in damage to the Balticconnector natural gas pipeline and telecommunication cables that occurred in the Gulf of Finland on 8 October.[50] However, the anchor retrieved from the seabed next to the damaged pipeline was later identified as having come from the Chinese container ship Newnew Polar Bear that sailed alongside Sevmorput at the time of the incident.[51]

On 24 December 2023, a fire broke out onboard Sevmorput while the vessel was moored at Atomflot's base in Murmansk. The fire was reportedly contained in one of the vessel's cabins and affected an area of about 30 square metres (320 sq ft), was promptly extinguished, and caused no injuries.[52][53]

According to Atomflot, Sevmorput is expected to remain in service until 2024.[2]

Design

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Model of Sevmorput

General characteristics

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Sevmorput is 260.30 metres (854.0 ft) long overall and 236.60 metres (776.2 ft) between perpendiculars. The breadth and depth of her hull are 32.20 metres (105.6 ft) and 18.30 metres (60.0 ft), respectively.[54] When loaded to the summer waterline, the ship draws 11.80 metres (38.7 ft) of water. However, in ice-covered waters she operates with a slightly smaller draught of 10.65 metres (34.9 ft) to improve the icebreaking characteristics of her raked stem.[3] The gross tonnage of Sevmorput is 38,226 and net tonnage 11,468.[54] The ship's deadweight tonnage is 33,980 tons at maximum draught and 26,480 tons while operating at reduced draught in ice. Her maximum displacement is 61,880 tons.[3]

Although originally designed according to the USSR Register of Shipping rules of 1981 to the highest Soviet ice class available for merchant ships, ULA, Sevmorput is currently classified by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping with a slightly lower ice class, UL.[54] In addition to the national rules she was built according to the latest international regulations and conventions at the time, becoming the first ship built according to the Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships adopted by the International Maritime Organization in 1981.[3][55][56] Special attention was paid to the safety aspects of the vessel and, in addition to running aground or colliding with the reinforced bow of an icebreaker, the Soviet naval architects even took into account the possibility of a passenger aircraft crashing on Sevmorput.[15]

Power and propulsion

[edit]

Sevmorput is powered by a single KLT-40 nuclear fission reactor with a thermal output of 135 megawatts. The reactor core contains 150.7 kilograms (332 lb) of 30–40- or 90-percent[note 1] enriched uranium in uranium-zirconium alloy[57] and has reportedly required refueling only twice. The nuclear power plant on board the vessel produces 215 tons of steam per hour at a pressure level of 40 atm (4.1 MPa) and temperature of 290 °C (554 °F). In case of emergency steam can also be produced by a diesel-powered boiler (50 t/h, 2.45 MPa, 360 °C).[3]

Unlike the Russian Arktika- and Taymyr-class nuclear-powered icebreakers, which have three fixed-pitch propellers and utilize nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain, Sevmorput is propelled by a single 4-bladed ducted controllable-pitch propeller mechanically coupled to a GTZA 684 OM5 steam turbine which has a maximum output of 29,420 kW (39,450 hp) and turns the 6.7-metre (22 ft) propeller at 115 rpm. At full power the propulsion system gives the ship a maximum speed of 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) at a draught of 10 metres (33 ft). She can also maintain a speed of 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) in 1-metre (3.3 ft) thick level ice.[3]

For electricity production Sevmorput has three 1,700 kW turbogenerators and three 2,000 kW standby diesel generators. In addition in case of blackout the vessel also has two 200 kW emergency diesel generators.[3]

Cargo capacity and handling

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See also: Lighter aboard ship

Sevmorput can carry 74 lighters, each with a cargo capacity of 300 tons, in six holds and in two layers on the stern deck. The cargo hold hatches are designed for lighters with a total weight of 450 tons. The lighters are loaded and unloaded with a large gantry crane, manufactured by KONE, with a span of 21.3 metres (70 ft) and lifting capacity of 500 tons. The gantry crane has two three-ton auxiliary cranes.[3]

When not carrying lighters, Sevmorput can carry both 20- and 40-foot containers weighing up to 20.3 and 30.5 tons, respectively, in three layers. The total container capacity of the ship is 1,328 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). While loading and unloading are usually done by shore-based cranes, a small number of containers can be handled with two container attachments to the gantry crane in ports that do not have cranes capable of handling containers. The lifting capacity of the attachments is 38 tons.[3] Later, Sevmorput has been fitted with two Russian-manufactured 60-tonne hydraulic boom cranes with a lifting radius of 43 metres (140 ft). The new cranes can also be used in tandem to lift 120-tonne loads.[58]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sevmorput.

Notes

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  1. ^ 90 % according to information provided to Norwegian government in 1990, 30–40 % according to Bellona Foundation citing communication with Murmansk Shipping Company. (Diakov, Anatoli C. et al.)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Севморпуть". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Атомный контейнеровоз «Севморпуть» планируется заменить дизельным судном в 2024 году". PortNews (in Russian). 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Atomic lighter "Sevmorput"". Rosatom. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  4. ^ "Как устроен атомный лихтеровоз "Севморпуть" проекта 10081". Media Paluba. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  5. ^ Portnews (1 February 2023). "Nuclear-powered container carrier Sevmorput to make two round voyages between Saint-Petersburg and the Far East in 2023". Portnews. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  6. ^ Kitagawa, K. (2001), The Northern Sea Route - The shortest sea route linking East Asia to Europe (PDF), Ship & Ocean Foundation, ISBN 4-88404-027-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011
  7. ^ Horensma, P (2005), The Soviet Arctic, Taylor & Francis e-Library, ISBN 0-203-16806-2
  8. ^ a b c "Гражданские атомные плавсредства". Атомный эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 5 December 2020.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Lange, Robie S. (August 1990). "Maritime Heritage of the United States NHL Theme Study – Large Vessels: N.S. Savannah Theme Study" (pdf). National Park Service. p. 17. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  10. ^ "NS Otto Hahn - Germany's nuclear powered cargo ship". Radiationworks. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Container Ships And Bulk Tankers To Go Nuclear?". Handy Shipping Guide. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  12. ^ "Атомный контейнеровоз "Севморпуть"" (in Russian). Rosatom. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Один в трех лицах" (in Russian). Rosatom. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  14. ^ Лихтеровоз-контейнеровоз "СЕВМОРПУТЬ". 1988 г. (in Russian) Archived 14 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  15. ^ a b c d e Four Soviet Ports Bar Ship in Protest Over Nuclear Safety. Los Angeles Times, 8 March 1989. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  16. ^ a b c d e Project 10081 Sevmorput. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  17. ^ Lepse to get patched up Archived 4 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Bellona Foundation, 29 June 1999. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  18. ^ Murmansk gets the world's first nuclear-powered oil drilling vessel. BarentsObserver.com, 7 August 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  19. ^ Rosatom takes over Russia's nuclear powered icebreaker fleet Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Bellona Foundation, 28 August 2008. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  20. ^ No future for nuclear-powered container ship. Barents Observer, 24 October 2012.
  21. ^ "Атомный контейнеровоз-лихтеровоз "Севморпуть" будет восстановлен к 2016 году". B-port.com.
  22. ^ "Nuclear-powered container vessel "Sevmorput" will be restored - Northern Sea Route Information Office". www.arctic-lio.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Dock repairs of LASH carrier Sevmorput is over". portnews.ru. 28 January 2014.
  24. ^ "Russia to send Nuclear-powered cargo ship through Arctic". High North News. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  25. ^ Атомный лихтеровоз-контейнеровоз «Севморпуть» 30 ноября прибудет в Мурманск после завершения ходовых испытаний (фото). PortNews, 30 November 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  26. ^ "Nuclear-powered container ship back in Arctic waters". December 2015.
  27. ^ "SEVMORPUT Completes Trials After Overhaul; Signs for the Future - The Energy Collective". 31 December 2015.
  28. ^ Focus - Russia's Arctic Fleet. Navy Recognition, 20 May 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  29. ^ "Nuclear-powered container carrier Sevmorput to deliver 26,000 tonnes of general cargo to Utrenneye field in the Gulf of Ob". PortNews. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  30. ^ "Regular shipping line can be organized for fish deliveries from Russia's Far East". PortNews. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  31. ^ "Nuclear-powered container carrier Sevmorput to use NSR for fish delivery from Kamchatka to Saint-Petersburg". PortNews. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  32. ^ "Second shipment of fish via Arctic sea route cancelled". The Barents Observer. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  33. ^ "Nuclear container ship "Sevmorput" sets course for new Arctic gas field". thebarentsobserver.com. 6 March 2019.
  34. ^ "Экипаж атомного контейнеровоза "Севморпуть" доставил первую партию груза для проекта "Арктик СПГ 2"". rosatomflot.ru. 26 March 2019.
  35. ^ "Nuclear container ship sails up Gulf of Ob, delivers 20,000 tons of goods to Arctic natural gas field". thebarentsobserver.com. 27 March 2020.
  36. ^ "Here comes a nuclear-powered cargo ship loaded with seafood". The Barents Observer. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  37. ^ "Nuclear-powered container ship sailed 3,000 nm to change propellers in lack of floating dock up north". The Barents Observer. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  38. ^ "Sevmorput sails Northern Sea Route loaded to less than one-fifth of capacity". The Barents Observer. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Putin orders more fish transport via NEP". Polar Journal. 25 May 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Zig-zag pattern. Reduced speed. A Russian nuclear-powered cargo ship steaming outside Africa towards Antarctic attracts attention". The Barents Observer. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Mechanical failure leaves Russia's new Antarctica station stranded outside Angola". The Barents Observer. 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  42. ^ ""Sevmorput" with problems off Angola". Polar Journal. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  43. ^ "Ангольские неприятности арктического транспорта" (in Russian). Kadara.ru. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  44. ^ "Между учеными и родиной разверзлась лопасть" (in Russian). Kommersant. 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  45. ^ "На Канонерсом СРЗ закончили докование атомохода "Севморпуть"" (in Russian). Морские вести России. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  46. ^ ""Проект будет реализовываться в любом случае"" (in Russian). Kommersant. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  47. ^ "Nuclear container ship sails back to St. Petersburg after only two months in the Arctic". The Barents Observer. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  48. ^ "Атомный контейнеровоз "Севморпуть" доставит груз для АЭС "Руппур"" (in Russian). PortNews. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  49. ^ "Рыбакам предлагают загрузить "Севморпуть"" (in Russian). Fishretail.ru. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  50. ^ Granlund, John; Velizelos, Aris (18 October 2023). "Finländsk polis pekar ut "intressant" ryskt fartyg – färdades över förstörd svensk kabel". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  51. ^ "KRP: "Vierasesine" on ankkuri, josta puuttuu yksi piikki — kiinalaisalus vaikuttanut vastahankaiselta puhutteluun". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma Media Finland. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  52. ^ "В Мурманске произошло возгорание на атомном контейнеровозе "Севморпуть"" (in Russian). TASS. 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  53. ^ "Fire briefly breaks out on Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker". Reuters. 24 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  54. ^ a b c "Sevmorput (840293)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  55. ^ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 Archived 7 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. International Maritime Organization. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  56. ^ Nuclear icebreakers Archived 13 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Bellona Foundation, 18 June 1997. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
  57. ^ Diakov, Anatoli C.; et al. (2006), "Feasibility of Converting Russian Icebreaker Reactors from HEU to LEU Fuel" (PDF), Science and Global Security, 14 (1), Taylor & Francis, Inc.: 33–48, Bibcode:2006S&GS...14...33D, doi:10.1080/08929880600620575, S2CID 56235901, retrieved 26 November 2011
  58. ^ "ЗАО "СММ" поставило грузовые электрогидравлические краны "С1700" для атомного лихтеровоза "Севморпуть"" (in Russian). PortNews. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

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