1883 in science

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The year 1883 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

March 2 – The Hong Kong Observatory is established.^[1]

Chemistry

April 5 – Liquid oxygen is produced for the first time.
Svante Arrhenius develops ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes.^[2]^[3]
The Claus process is first patented by German chemist Carl Friedrich Claus.^[4]
The Schotten–Baumann reaction is first described by chemists Carl Schotten and Eugen Baumann.

Earth sciences

August 26 – Krakatoa begins its final phase of eruptions at 1:06 pm local time. These produce a number of tsunami, mainly in the early hours of the next day, which result in about 36,000 deaths on the islands of Sumatra and Java. The final explosion at 10:02 am on August 27 destroys the island of Krakatoa itself and is heard up to 3000 miles away.
Vasily Dokuchaev publishes Russian Chernozem.

Genetics

The concept and term Eugenics are formulated by Francis Galton.^[5]

Medicine

German psychiatrist Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum identifies a disorder characterized by recurring mood cycles which he and his student Ewald Hecker name cyclothymia.^[6]^[7]
Thomas Clouston publishes Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases.
Emil Kraepelin publishes Compendium der Psychiatrie.
Journal of the American Medical Association first published under this title.

Physics

Osborne Reynolds popularizes use of the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics.^[8]^[9]

Technology

January 19 – The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey, United States, installed by Thomas Edison.
May 24 – Brooklyn Bridge opens to traffic in New York. Designed by John A. Roebling with project management assisted by his wife Emily, its main suspension span of 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.31 m) exceeds the previous record by 330 feet (100 m), and will not be surpassed for twenty years.
Charles Fritts constructs the first solar cell using the semiconductor selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.

Zoology

August 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.

Awards

Copley Medal: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin^[10]
Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Thomas Blanford

Births

January 4 – Johanna Westerdijk (died 1961), Dutch plant pathologist.
February 10 – Edith Clarke (died 1959), American electrical engineer, inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
March 4 – Julius Fromm (died 1945), German businessman, inventor known for the Condom machine
May 5 – Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler (died 1966), American mathematician.
May 13 – Georgios Papanikolaou (died 1962), Greek-born cytopathologist, inventor of the Pap smear.
June 24 – Victor Francis Hess (died 1964), American physicist.
July 15 – Orii Hyōjirō (died 1970), Japanese animal specimen collector.
August 4 – Sydney Smith (died 1969), New Zealand-born forensic pathologist.
August 6 – Constance Georgina Adams (died 1968), South African botanist.^[11]
October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi (died 1963), Austrian "father of soil mechanics".
October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg (died 1970), German physiologist, winner of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Deaths

January 23 – George Miller Beard (born 1839), American neurologist.
April 10 - Maurice Krishaber (born 1836), naturalised French Hungarian otorhinolaryngologist.^[12]
April 14 – William Farr (born 1807), English epidemiologist.
April 28 – Rev. John Russell (born 1795), English dog breeder.
May 13 – James Young (born 1811), Scottish chemist.
June 18 – John Waterston (born 1811), Scottish physicist and civil engineer (drowned).
June 26 – General Sir Edward Sabine (born 1788), Anglo-Irish physicist, astronomer and explorer.
September 15 – Joseph Plateau (born 1801), Belgian physicist.
December 8 – François Lenormant (born 1837), French assyriologist and numismatist.
December 13 – John Stringfellow (born 1799), English pioneer of heavier-than-air flight.

References

^ "History of the Hong Kong Observatory". Hong Kong Observatory. 2011-05-20. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
^ "Svante August Arrhenius". Science History Institute. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Svante August Arrhenius". Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 32–34. ISBN 9780941901123.
^ Kutney, Gerald (2007). Sulfur: History, Technology, Applications & Industry. ChemTec Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9781895198379.
^ Galton, Francis (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. London: Macmillan. p. 199.
^ Baethge, C.; Salvatore, P.; Baldessarini, R. J. (September 2003). "Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder". History of Psychiatry. 14 (55 Pt 3): 377–390. doi:10.1177/0957154X030143008. PMID 14621693. S2CID 145076032.
^ Koukopoulos, A. (January 2003). "Ewald Hecker's description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II". Journal of Affective Disorders. 73 (1–2): 199–205. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00326-9. PMID 12507752.
^ Reynolds, Osborne (1883). "An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 174: 935–982. Bibcode:1883RSPT..174..935R. doi:10.1098/rstl.1883.0029. JSTOR 109431.
^ Rott, N. (1990). "Note on the history of the Reynolds number". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 22 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:1990AnRFM..22....1R. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000245. S2CID 54583669.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ Rall, Maureen (2002). Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years. Kimberley, South Africa: Kimberley Africana Library. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-62027-613-9.
^ "Notice no. LH/1409/37". Base Léonore (in French).

[1] "History of the Hong Kong Observatory". Hong Kong Observatory. 2011-05-20. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2011-08-07.

[CHF-2] "Svante August Arrhenius". Science History Institute. Retrieved 21 March 2018.

[Bowden-3] Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Svante August Arrhenius". Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 32–34. ISBN 9780941901123.

[4] Kutney, Gerald (2007). Sulfur: History, Technology, Applications & Industry. ChemTec Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9781895198379.

[5] Galton, Francis (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. London: Macmillan. p. 199.

[6] Baethge, C.; Salvatore, P.; Baldessarini, R. J. (September 2003). "Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder". History of Psychiatry. 14 (55 Pt 3): 377–390. doi:10.1177/0957154X030143008. PMID 14621693. S2CID 145076032.

[7] Koukopoulos, A. (January 2003). "Ewald Hecker's description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II". Journal of Affective Disorders. 73 (1–2): 199–205. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00326-9. PMID 12507752.

[8] Reynolds, Osborne (1883). "An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 174: 935–982. Bibcode:1883RSPT..174..935R. doi:10.1098/rstl.1883.0029. JSTOR 109431.

[9] Rott, N. (1990). "Note on the history of the Reynolds number". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 22 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:1990AnRFM..22....1R. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000245. S2CID 54583669.

[10] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[11] Rall, Maureen (2002). Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years. Kimberley, South Africa: Kimberley Africana Library. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-62027-613-9.

[:1-12] "Notice no. LH/1409/37". Base Léonore (in French).

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