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1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre

Coordinates: 36°42′N 67°07′E / 36.7°N 67.11°E / 36.7; 67.11
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1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre
Part of the Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)
LocationMazar-i Sharif, Afghanistan
Coordinates36°42′N 67°07′E / 36.7°N 67.11°E / 36.7; 67.11
Date8–11 August 1998[1]
TargetPrimarily ethnic Hazaras. Some other Northern Alliance supporters were targeted as well
Attack type
Massacre
DeathsAt least 2,000, likely many more
PerpetratorTaliban

The 1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre took place in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan in 1998. At least 2,000 victims were murdered by the Taliban, with Human Rights Watch estimating that the actual number of victims may be much higher.[2]

The massacre occurred in August 1998, after the Final battle of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998), in which the Taliban captured the city from the Northern Alliance forces that the Taliban was fighting a civil war with. After capturing the city Taliban forces perpetrated a massacre of members of the Shia Hazara ethnic group.[3][4][5]

History

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When the Taliban entered Mazar-i-Sharif, they launched a campaign of violence and brutality against the population. The newly installed Taliban governor, Mulla Manon Niazi, delivered speeches at mosques throughout the city in which he threatened to use violence against the Hazara people.

Accusing the Hazaras of killing Taliban prisoners in 1997, Niazi threatened to punish them in retaliation if they did not leave Afghanistan. He warned that other residents of the city would also be punished if they protected Hazaras. In one of his speeches, Niazi ominously warned Hazara residents: "wherever you go we will catch you. If you go up, we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair."[6]

It is estimated that thousands of people, including civilians, soldiers, and prisoners of war, were killed during the massacre. The Taliban also systematically targeted some ethnic Uzbeks and Tajiks, who were seen as supporters of the Northern Alliance.[7]

Reports from the time claimed that the Taliban engaged in a range of acts including mass executions, burying people alive, using tanks to crush people to death,[8] slitting throats and shooting people in the testicles.[9]

The victims of the massacre included 400 civilians who had sought sanctuary at the Shrine of Hazrat Ali. Despite their efforts to find safety in the holy site, they were ultimately killed by the Taliban.[10] The victims of the massacre included targeted women, children, and the elderly.

Additionally, the Taliban killed eight Iranian officials at the Iranian consulate in the city, as well as an Iranian journalist.[11]

In addition to the killings, the Taliban's campaign also included abductions of girls, kidnappings for ransom, torture, rape, arbitrary detention, and rampant looting.[12]

The Hazara people were among those persecuted by the Taliban due to their adherence to the Shi'a sect of Islam. The Taliban, as followers of a strict conservative Sunni sect, considered Shi'a to be infidels and sought to impose their religious beliefs on the Hazara population. During their search operations in Mazar-i-Sharif, the Taliban ordered some residents to prove that they were not Shi'a by reciting Sunni prayers. This religious test was used to identify and target members of the Hazara community.[13]

While the Taliban primarily targeted Hazaras, Human Rights Watch interviewed witnesses who saw or knew of detentions of Uzbeks and Tajiks as well. One interviewed Tajik witness, who had himself been detained, told Human Rights Watch: "Some of the prisoners were beaten, mostly Hazaras. They were tied up and made to lie face down, and then the Taliban would beat them with cables. The Taliban were telling everyone to surrender their arms and tell them where they could find Hazaras. They said, 'If you hand over a Hazara, we will let you go.'"[13]

The Taliban were meticulous in identifying members of various ethnic groups during their operations. Non-Hazaras were often released, provided someone vouched for them. Human Rights Watch has reported that ethnic Pashtuns were not generally targeted by the Taliban during this time.[7] However, one Pashtun woman who had hidden eight Hazaras was fatally shot dead in her home, along with the individuals she had tried to protect.[14]

The massacre's brutality sent shockwaves throughout the international community. It occurred at a time when international tensions with the Taliban were increasing due to their discrimination of women[15] and amid concerns that they were harboring the international terrorist leader Osama bin Laden.[16] On August 20, 1998, the US government issued a warning for non-Muslims to leave Afghanistan.[17] Meanwhile, Iran responded to the situation in neighboring Afghanistan by dispatching troops to its border.[9]

In the weeks after the takeover the Taliban announced the execution of some soldiers who had been responsible for crimes.[18]

The Mazar-i-Sharif massacre was one of the worst incidents in the Afghan Civil War, and it highlighted the need for an end to the conflict. Although the massacre did not receive much global attention or garner much official outrage at the time, human rights organizations like Human Rights Watch have since conducted investigations shedding light on the atrocities that occurred.[19] In the aftermath of the incident, international tensions rapidly escalated with the Taliban regime, until it was ultimately ousted from power following the 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan.

Mass graves of Hazaras killed during the massacre were later found in nearby Jaghalkani-i-Takhta Pul.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Maley, William (3 November 2020). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. p. 308.
  2. ^ "THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF". www.hrw.org.
  3. ^ "Afghans Report Ethnic Massacre by Taliban". Los Angeles Times. 18 September 1998. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  4. ^ Cooper, Kenneth J (28 November 1998). "TALIBAN MASSACRE BASED ON ETHNICITY". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  5. ^ "Afghanistan: The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif". Human Rights Watch. 1 November 1998.
  6. ^ "THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF". www.hrw.org.
  7. ^ a b "THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF". www.hrw.org.
  8. ^ "A gruesome record". The Guardian. 16 November 2001. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  9. ^ a b Harnden, Toby (7 September 2021). First Casualty: The Untold Story of the CIA Mission to Avenge 9/11. Little, Brown and Company. p. 31.
  10. ^ Harnden, Toby (7 September 2021). First Casualty: The Untold Story of the CIA Mission to Avenge 9/11. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 30–31.
  11. ^ "Afghanistan: The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif". Human Rights Watch. 1 November 1998.
  12. ^ "U.S. Department of State Archive, Afghanistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998".
  13. ^ a b "THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF". Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  14. ^ Maley, William (3 November 2020). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 308–309.
  15. ^ Malkasian, Carter (15 June 2021). The American War in Afghanistan: A History (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 51.
  16. ^ Risen, James (20 August 1998). "U.S. SEEKS MEANS TO BRING SUSPECT FROM AFGHANISTAN". The New York Times.
  17. ^ Bonner, Raymond (20 August 1998). "U.S. Warns Non-Muslims to Leave Afghanistan". The New York Times.
  18. ^ "The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif".
  19. ^ "THE MASSACRE IN MAZAR-I SHARIF". www.hrw.org.
  20. ^ "Mass graves keep grim secrets until investigators get military protection". Sydney Morning Herald. 19 April 2003.

Further reading

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